創世記第六章(一):為何有洪水?

「當人在世上多起來、又生女兒的時候,神的兒子們看見人的女子美貌,就隨意挑選,娶來為妻。耶和華說:人既屬乎血氣,我的靈就不永遠住在他裡面;然而他的日子還可到一百二十年。那時候有偉人在地上,後來神的兒子們和人的女子們交合生子;那就是上古英武有名的人。」(v1-4)

比較多點子討論和查考的故事:

(v1)「當人在世上多起來、又生女兒的時候,」
  • 世上:on the face of the earth(KJV),是甚麼地方?
  • 生女兒,為何不生男生?
(v2)「神的兒子們看見人的女子美貌,就隨意挑選,娶來為妻。」
  • 神:人;兒子:女子(像說明是不同種類)
  • 隨意挑選
  • 娶來,原文碼<03947>,有強暴的味道
(v3)「耶和華說:人既屬乎血氣,我的靈就不永遠住在他裡面;然而他的日子還可到一百二十年。」
  • 住在:(net bible)The verb form יָדוֹן (yadon) only occurs here. Some derive it from the verbal root דִּין (din, “to judge”) and translate “strive” or “contend with” (so NIV), but in this case one expects the form to be יָדִין (yadin). The Old Greek has “remain with,” a rendering which may find support from an Arabic cognate (see C. Westermann, Genesis, 1:375). If one interprets the verb in this way, then it is possible to understand רוּחַ (ruakh) as a reference to the divine life-giving spirit or breath, rather than the Lord’s personal Spirit. E. A. Speiser argues that the term is cognate with an Akkadian word meaning “protect” or “shield.” In this case, the Lord’s Spirit will not always protect humankind, for the race will suddenly be destroyed (E. A. Speiser, “YDWN, Gen. 6:3,” JBL 75 [1956]: 126-29).另外此原文碼<01777>,有審判的意思。
  • 血氣:flesh(肉體,肌肉,肉食),原來用flesh來形容人是可悲的,因只有軀殼沒有靈魂的人,即是禽獸。
(v4)「那時候有偉人在地上,後來神的兒子們和人的女子們交合生子;那就是上古英武有名的人。」
  • 偉人:(net bible)The Hebrew word נְפִילִים (nÿfilim) is simply transliterated here, because the meaning of the term is uncertain. According to the text, the Nephilim became mighty warriors and gained great fame in the antediluvian world. The text may imply they were the offspring of the sexual union of the “sons of God” and the “daughters of humankind” (v. 2), but it stops short of saying this in a direct manner. The Nephilim are mentioned in the OT only here and in Num 13:33, where it is stated that they were giants (thus KJV, TEV, NLT “giants” here). The narrator observes that the Anakites of Canaan were descendants of the Nephilim. Certainly these later Anakite Nephilim could not be descendants of the antediluvian Nephilim (see also the following note on the word “this”).(其實我又真的沒有留意,原來在洪水後,可能再沒有這些人……)



「神就照著自己的形像造人,乃是照著他的形像造男造女。……神看著一切所造的都甚好。……」(創世記1:24,31)

神造人後,本來有神的氣吹進,所以跟其他動物不同,唯6:3開始發現,因人的問題,他已跟動物已沒有分別,只餘沒有靈魂的肉體。細看v3就可看到:「……人在地上罪惡很大,終日所思想的盡都是惡」

將創世記1:24,31的「甚好」跟創世記6:3「盡都是惡」比較,你說人類可憐嗎?

至於在神方面,對著這些人,祂的想法是如何?仍舊包容?溺愛?原來是審判……原來6:3的「住來」,老師分享是有考究:
  1. 120年後對全地有審判,即我們看到的洪水
  2. 人的壽命不再那麼長,因神已離開,最多歲數只有120歲
亞當的第十代子孫挪亞,當代人的表現已跟神創造人的心意完全相反。不單是史少數人的事,而是「遍佈全地」。

他們的錯,主要就是「暴力」。



「耶和華就後悔造人在地上,心中憂傷。」(v6)

「後悔」也是難明的,老師大意英文解釋:console oneself nacham, to be sorry.

後悔:(net bible)Or “was grieved”; “was sorry.” In the Niphal stem the verb נָחָם (nakham) can carry one of four semantic meanings, depending on the context: (1) “to experience emotional pain or weakness,” “to feel regret,” often concerning a past action (see Exod 13:17; Judg 21:6, 15; 1 Sam 15:11, 35; Job 42:6; Jer 31:19). In several of these texts כִּי (ki, “because”) introduces the cause of the emotional sorrow. (2) Another meaning is “to be comforted” or “to comfort oneself” (sometimes by taking vengeance). See Gen 24:67; 38:12; 2 Sam 13:39; Ps 77:3; Isa 1:24; Jer 31:15; Ezek 14:22; 31:16; 32:31. (This second category represents a polarization of category one.) (3) The meaning “to relent from” or “to repudiate” a course of action which is already underway is also possible (see Judg 2:18; 2 Sam 24:16 = 1 Chr 21:15; Pss 90:13; 106:45; Jer 8:6; 20:16; 42:10). (4) Finally, “to retract” (a statement) or “to relent or change one’s mind concerning,” “to deviate from” (a stated course of action) is possible (see Exod 32:12, 14; 1 Sam 15:29; Ps 110:4; Isa 57:6; Jer 4:28; 15:6; 18:8, 10; 26:3, 13, 19; Ezek 24:14; Joel 2:13-14; Am 7:3, 6; Jonah 3:9-10; 4:2; Zech 8:14). See R. B. Chisholm, “Does God ‘Change His Mind’?” BSac 152 (1995): 388. The first category applies here because the context speaks of God’s grief and emotional pain (see the following statement in v. 6) as a result of a past action (his making humankind). For a thorough study of the word נָחָם, see H. Van Dyke Parunak, “A Semantic Survey of NHM,” Bib 56 (1975): 512-32.

「後悔」照net bible四個解釋大意:
  1. to experience emotional pain or weakness(經歷感情痛苦或軟弱)
  2. “to be comforted” or “to comfort oneself” (sometimes by taking vengeance)(“安慰”或“安慰自己” (有時也採取報復))
  3. “to relent from” or “to repudiate”
  4. “to retract” (a statement) or “to relent or change one's mind concerning,”
「後悔」照原文碼解釋大意:
  1. 遺憾、憂傷、安慰自己、懊悔、惋惜、使舒坦、得安慰……
「後悔」(nacham)第一次在聖經出現:「給他起名叫挪亞,說:這個兒子必為我們的操作和手中的勞苦安慰(nacham)我們;這操作勞苦是因為耶和華咒詛地。」(創世記5:29)

非常特別,原來nacham翻譯出來有兩個意思:後悔與安慰。

照創世記5:29看,拉麥是見到他的老祖宗亞當死了,以為地的咒詛和人的痛苦會隨亞當的死而離去。但拉麥自己也看錯了。所以拉麥在亞當死後,挪亞出生時,他就為挪亞改名為挪亞,此名的意思是:「這個兒子必為我們的操作和手中的勞苦安慰(nacham)我們;這操作勞苦是因為耶和華咒詛地。」

我的表現令神
nacham,還是令神nacham?一個正面,一個是負面。一個是令神得滿足,另一個是令神傷心。



對於上文,有一點小總結:挪亞時代的人是勞苦的,因汗流滿面才得糊口、地又長出荊棘和蒺藜來,令他們種田間的菜蔬(只有素吃,沒有肉吃)以作食物,是非常辛勞……

他們未能改變他們的辛勞,唯有訴諸「能力」(即:偉人、上古英武有名的人)。說到底,他們想脫離辛勞,唯用暴力,投靠暴力。

「世界在神面前敗壞,地上滿了強暴。神觀看世界,見是敗壞了;凡有血氣的人在地上都敗壞了行為。」(v11-12)



地被詛咒,要勞苦才得食的命運,終可脫離了。
「挪亞為耶和華築了一座壇,拿各類潔淨的牲畜、飛鳥獻在壇上為燔祭。耶和華聞那馨香之氣,就心裡說:我不再因人的緣故咒詛地(人從小時心裡懷著惡念),也不再按著我才行的滅各種的活物了。地還存留的時候,稼穡、寒暑、冬夏、晝夜就永不停息了。」(8:20-22)

以下經文,神對於人從前在食物上的勞苦,也作出很大的祝福:
「凡活著的動物都可以作你們的食物。這一切我都賜給你們,如同菜蔬一樣。」(9:3)

但也有此祝福的界限:
「流你們血、害你們命的,無論是獸是人,我必討他的罪,就是向各人的弟兄也是如此。凡流人血的,他的血也必被人所流,因為神造人是照自己的形像造的。你們要生養眾多,在地上昌盛繁茂。」(v5-7)
看v5-7,明顯回應從前的強暴事件。

但人心是否從此安定下來?當然不是,巴別塔來了……下回再續。

延伸晚讀:路加福音第十七章(三):挪亞的日子聞氣

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「有人看這日比那日強;有人看日日都是一樣。只是各人心裡要意見堅定。」(聖經.羅馬書14:5)